INDEX
A
Abdurizag, 12, 164
Adams, Brooks, on the plunder of India, 48; the effect in England, 49
Aden, 117
Afghan War, 105-6
Agrarian legislation, 282
Agriculture, chief Indian industry, 181, 331; Bengal, 193 ff; Bombay, 225; Central Provinces, 239; export tables, 184-5; land revenue assessments, 189 ff; land revenue receipts, 241; Northern India, 216 ff; Punjab, 235; policy of England, 240; crops, area of, 183-4
Akbar, 14, 15, 163
Arbuthnot, Sir A., on trade “interests,” 148
Arcot, 17
Army, Indian, 104, 107; expense of, 109, 316; Lord Roberts on, 104, 108; Lord Lansdowne on, 107; Sir Henry Brackenberry on, 108; wars outside India, 109-111
Art schools, 303
Aurangzeb, 15
B
Baber, 11, 13
Baines, on cotton industry, 121, 126, 127-8
Bengal, early condition, 25; land ruin, 193 ff
Bentinck, Lord, admits British failure in India, 37
Blunt, W. S., on Indian poverty, 253-4
Bolts, William, on India’s trade, 56, 65
Brackenberry, on Indian Army, 108
Brago, Sergt., on Indian industrial ruin, 55
Briggs, Lt.-Col., on land tax, 233-5
Bright, John, on mutiny expenditure, 90; cotton industry investigation, 116, 124
Bruce, on early Indian splendour, 44
Burke, on India’s trade ruin, 67 ff; on Nawab of Arcot’s debts, 201-2
Burmah, 116
C
Cæsar Frederic, 12
Canals, see Irrigation, Famines, Railways
Chintamini, on economic conditions, 330-336
Clive, Lord, 25, 52, 59, 61, 63-64; letter on Bengal extortions, 60
Coal, 178
Coffee, 179
Collen, Sir Edwin, on military expenses, 152
Commercial schools, 305
Connell, A. K., on Indian railways, 243-6, 297
Copper, 177
Cornwallis, Lord, on increasing misery of India, 37; on land settlement, 188
Cotton, J. S., on the “Drain,” 86, 100; on trade, 100; on iron, 175-6; on agriculture, 181; on economic condition of the people, 249
Cotton industry in India, 46, 121; case for and against England, 157-8; Lord Curzon on duties, 160; decline of, 128; Defoe on Indian fabrics, 126; early mention of, 121; English legislation, 141 ff.; excellence of, 123; extent, 124; duties, 141 ff; present duties, 159; Larpent and others on the decline, 134 ff; machinery and the industrial revolution in England, 49; Montgomery Martin, 138; 1917 developments, 159; the renascent industry, 152, 154-5, 156
Crops, area in India, 183-4
Curzon, Lord, 3; on cotton industry, 160
D
Debt, Indian, 90; increase, 91; division of, 99; R. Dutt on, 88
Digby, on the “Drain,” 71, 92, 96; on decline of India’s shipping, 168; on famines, 264; on gold supply, 309
“Drain” or Tribute, 69 ff; meaning of, 84; extent, 91; mutiny expenditures, 89; English profit, 102; Hyndman on, 70, 94, 96; Digby, 71, 92; Francis, 71; Shore, 72; Sullivan, 73-5; Wilson, H. H., 78; Lord Salisbury, 78; Wilson, A. J. W., 28, 66; Dr. Sunderland, 78; Wingate, 76; Cotton, J. S., 86, 100; Martin, 77, 92; estimates, 102; Tucker, Henry St. G., 77
Dutt, Romesh, on Governor Verelst, 53; on Warren Hastings, 53-54; Sergt. Brago, 55; quotes British merchants, 58; Clive, 61; on “Drain,” 77; on India’s debt, 88; on cotton industry, 132, 144; decay of village communities, 205; on land evils, 208, 238
Dutch, in trade, 44
E
East India Company, its policy, 321; administration of land, 193 ff; profits, 44-9, 66; its import of cotton to England, 125 ff; influence on Indian shipping industry, 165 ff; rapacity, 18-29, 48, 51, 54-7, 58, 64
Economic condition of people, 156; Loveday on, 245; mutiny on, 248, 252; Chintamini, 330-36. See also Poverty, Famines
Education in India, 297; early conditions, 299; of Europeans, 305; facts and figures, 300; tables, 301-2; of girls, 306; agricultural, 302; technical and industrial, 303; commercial, 305; expenditures, 317; art schools, 305
Elphiustone, on mediaeval India, 11-15; on British settlement of conquered territory, 225-8
Empire, India and the, 103; and other nations of Asia, 114; Isle of France, 115; Muluccas, 115; Ceylon, 115; Eastern Archipelago, 115; Siam and Cochin-China, 116; Burmah, 116; Malacca, 116; Aden, 117; wars outside India, 109-13; the Persian mission, 105; foreign wars paid by India, 105-6; the Zanzibar and Mauritius cable, 117; Red Sea telegraph, 117
F
Famines in India, in the past, 263; Digby’s table, 264; increase under British rule, 268; causes, 269; rainfall, 270; overpopulation, 271; food scarcity, 274; the true cause, 276; famine relief, 277; relation to railways and canals, 280; land pressure, 281; agricultural banks, 281; agrarian legislation, 282; Dr. Sunderland on, 251, 263, 270-6; Sir Theodore Morison’s defence of England, 263; Thorburn on, 275; Macdonald on, 274, 277-278
Feroz Shah, 11
Foreign wars charged to India, 148
Francis, Philip, on the “Drain,” 71; on British conquest, 322
Friend of India, The, on the wretchedness in Oude, 35, 37
Fullarton, Col., on Hyder Ali’s reign, 23
G
Grant, Charles, admission on the “Drain,” 72
H
Hamilton, Sir D., on poverty, 312
Hastings, Warren, in India, 27-8, 37, 53-54, 196-7
Heber, Bishop, observations in India, 35; on taxation, 230
Hunter, on economic condition of the people, 248, 252; on intent of the British in conquest, 319
Hyder Ali, 22-4
Hyndman, H. M., on the “Drain,” 70, 94, 96, 99, 102; on poverty, 252
I
Ibn Batuta, 12
Income, average of people, 3, 250 ff; appendix B; appendix D
India, agricultural condition, 181; as army training ground, 108; army, 104-7; British occupation, 17-39, 319; and the “Empire,” 103; early prosperity, 5, 10-13, 24, 44; cotton in, 121; decline of cotton industry, 128; decline of shipping industry, 167; economic condition, 245; education, 299 ff; export tables, 105, 184-8; famines, 263 ff; “golden age,” 4; industries, 173 ff; land problem and taxes, 188 ff; British land policy, 245; the “milch-cow” of the “Empire,” 103; Moghul emperors, 6; Mohammedan rule, 10; Northern India, conditions, 24, 216; early political divisions, 16; poverty, 245 ff; pre-British period, 16; prosperity fallacies, 308; railways and canals, 283 ff; remedy for the Indian problem, 334 ff; trade, early, 43; trade after Plassey, 49 ff; trade ruin, 64; taxes, 314; tribute or “Drain,” 69 ff
Indian Year Book, on recent industrial situation, 152 ff; on iron, etc., 177
Industries, 173; indigo, 173; jute, 174; woollen mills, 174; paper mills, 175; breweries, 175; rice and saw mills, 175; manganese, 177; copper, 177; tea and coffee, 179; see also, Agriculture, Cotton, Shipping
Industrial revolution in England, India’s part in, 49, 125 ff
Iron, 179
Irrigation, 290
Isle de France, 115
J
Jute, 174
L
Land tax, 188 ff, 233; tests of, 192 ff
Lansdowne, Lord, on Indian Army, 107
Larpent, and others, on decline of Indian cotton industry, 119 ff
Lawrence, Sir John, commissioner of the Punjab, 255
Loveday, A., 245
M
Macao, 114
Macdonald, J. Ramsay, on famines, 260, 274; relief work, 277-8
Macaulay, on India’s wretchedness under Clive, 26, 64; on the Company’s profits, 46
Madras, 199 ff; appendix C
Mahmud, 10
Mahrattas, 30-31
Malacca, 116
Malcolm, Sir John, 32; on the “Drain,” 75; on Clive, 60; on Persian alliance, 112
Manganese, 177
Martin, Montgomery, on the “Drain,” 77, 92; on cotton, 138
Mill, James, on evils of British rule, 20; on Hyder Ali, 22; on Clive, 63; extortion in Oude, 28; on Company’s officials, 58; land frauds, 201; on Persian Treaty, 112
Minerals, 178
Minto, 114-5; on land situation, 221
Mir Kassim, 52
Moghul emperors, 6
Mookerji, Prof. Radhakumund, on India’s early maritime power, 162, 164, 166
Moore, prosperity under Tipu, 23
Morison, Sir Theodore, on famines, 263
Muhammad Ali, 18
Muir, on extortion by British, 51-3; on Clive, 63
Munro, Sir Thomas, on Hindu civilisation, 131
Mysore, 22-4
N
Nadir Shah, 15
Northbrook, Lord, on wars outside India, 109-11; on cotton revenue, 145
O
Oude, extortion in, 27-9; wretchedness, 35, 216
P
Paper mills, 175
Persian mission, 106; war, 105
INDEX
P
Plassey, effects of, 51
Pondicherry, 18
Population, in relation to famines, 271 ff
Portuguese trade with India, 44
Poverty, 245; Bayes quoted, 256; Cotton, 249; Elliott, 240; Grierson, 253; Hunter, 248; Hyndman, 252; The Indian Witness, 249; Irwin, 257; Lawrence, 255; Macdonald, 260; O’Donnell, 260; The Pioneer, 255, 258; Rose, 256; Sunderland, 251; Thorburn on (in Punjab), 258; Toynbee, 257; Wacha, 333; Ward, 256; White, 256
Pratap Singh, 17
Protest of Nabob of Bengal against extortion, 54
R
Railways, 283; government policy, 283; tables, 284-5; outlay, and income from, 289; and Indian trade, 292; Indian benefits from capital investments, 207; and irrigation, 298; Connell on results in India, 203-6, 297; Wacha on financial policy, 287-92
Rainfall in relation to famines, 270
Red Sea telegraph, 117
Reform pamphlets quoted, 6, 10, 13, 14, 25-29, 33
Remedy for Indian problem, 334
Rice Mills, 175
Roberts, Lord, on Indian Army, 104, 108
S
Salisbury, Lord, on the “Drain,” 78; on industrial situation, 129, 131
Saw mills, 175
Sevajee, not a robber, 29
Shipping industry in India, 102; in early times, 163 ff; in Bombay and Calcutta, 165-6; Lord Wellesley on, 167; comparative tables, 168-72; Mookerji on, 162, 164-6; Lt.-Col. Walker, 166; Digby on England’s responsibility for the decline, 168
Shore, F. J., on the “Drain,”
Silk, see Cotton
Sudan War, 106
Stokes, Whitley, on Indian industries and finance, 147
Sullivan, John, on the “Drain,” 73-5
Sunderland, Dr., on the “Drain,” 78; on famines, 251, 263, 270-276
T
Tamerlane, 11
Tanjore, 17-21
Taxes, 314 ff; tabulated, 315; appendix A
Tea, 179
Thorburn, on land problems, 238; on despotism, 340; on poverty, in Punjab, 258; on famines, 275; on canals, 192, 280
Thornton, description of Ancient India, 4
Tipu, 21-4; Moore’s estimate, 23
Torrens, M. P., compares India with Europe, 9; on broken Carnatic treaty, 19; on Hyder Ali, 22; on Wellesley, 325-326; on British conquest, 326
Trade, early, of India, 43-8; after Plassey, 51; under Clive, 59 ff; the ruin of, 64 ff; Burke on, 67 ff; balance in India’s favour, 5; trade oppression, 65; Arbuthnot on, 148; recent developments, 152 ff
Tribute, see “Drain”
Tucker, Henry St. G., on the “Drain,” 77
V
Verelst, Governor, 53; on unfair trade, 66; on land evils, 194
W
Wacha, D. E., on railway finance, 287-92; on military expenditures, 316; on tariff commissions, 329; on poverty, 333
Walker, Lt.-Col., on quality of Indian shipping, 166
Wages, in India, appendix D
Wealth England derived from India, 50 ff
Wellesley, Lord, treaty, 19-21, 325-6; on shipping industry, 167
Wellington, The Duke of, on evils of treaties with India, 20
Wilson, A. J., on the “Drain,” 78, 96, 99, 102
Wilson, H. H., on the “Drain,” 78
Wingate, Sir George, on the “Drain,” 77; on mutiny expenditures, 90
Woollen Mills, 174
Z
Zanzibar and Mauritius Cable, 117