- THE crops specified in the revenue statistics of the Ain may be arranged in modern classification as follows :
CEREALS. Wheat. Barley. Rice. Summer-rice is entered distinct from the two grades (not varieties) enumerated among the autumn crops.
MILLETS. Jowar. Bajra. Chena. Sawan. Kodon. Kakun. Mandwa. Kudiri or Kuri. Barti. Bajra is entered as lahdara, a name now almost obsolete. Kakun is shown as Kal or Gal, with Kangni as synonym. Kudiri (or kuri) and Barti are both described as resembling sawan, and probably denote the lowest-grade millets such as kutki or mijhri : it is possible that one of these inferior crops may have gone out of cultivation, but the descriptions given are not sufficiently detailed to make this certain.
PULSES. Gram. Lentils (masur). Peas. Mung. Urd. Moth. Lubiya. Kulthi. Arhar. Two varieties of gram were assessed under the names nakhud-i Kabuli and nakhud-i Hindi. Kisāri is not shown in the tables of rates, but in the description of Bihar (for which no rates are given) it is mentioned as eaten by the poor, but unwholesome.
OIL-SEEDS. Til. Linseed. Rape. Toria. Safflower.
SUGAR-CANE. Two grades are distinguished, common and thick (paunda).
FIBRES. Cotton. Hemp.
DYES. Indigo. Al.
DRUGS, ETC. Poppy. Betel.
MISCELLANEOUS. Various minor crops are specified, including vege- tables, spices or relishes, water-nuts (singhara), melons (both Persian and Indian), and a long series of gourds and pumpkins.
Outside the provinces where the regulation-system of assessment was in force, the only indications I have noticed of additional crops in the Mogul Empire are (1) the statement referred to in the text that a kind of sackcloth was made in Bengal, which I take to indicate that jute was grown; and (2) the cultivation of tobacco in Gujarat, where it had just been acclimatised.
As regards Southern India, the following crops are mentioned by Paes, Nuniz, Garcia da Orta, or other sixteenth-century writers.
FOOD GRAINS. Rice. Wheat. Jowar. Ragi (mandwa). Millets in general. Jowar appears as milho zaburro, the meaning of which is discussed in the next appendix. Barley is mentioned in one translation, but I doubt whether this is accurate.
PULSES. Gram. Mung. Horse-gram. Various pulses (unspecified).
OTHER CROPS. Sugar-cane. Cotton. Indigo. Til. Linseed. Pepper. Coconut. Ginger. Turmeric. Betel. Cardamom. Areca. Various vegetables (unspecified).